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The question of the origins of baseball has been the subject of debate and controversy for more than a century. Baseball and the other modern bat, ball and running games, cricket and rounders, were developed from earlier folk games in England. Early forms of baseball had a number of names, including "Base Ball", "Goal Ball", "Round Ball", "Fletch-catch", "stool ball", and, simply, "Base". In at least one version of the game, teams pitched to themselves, runners went around the bases in the opposite direction of today's game, and players could be put out by being hit with the ball. Just as now, a batter was called out after three strikes. ==Folk games in England== A number of early folk games in England had characteristics that can be seen in modern baseball (as well as in cricket and rounders). Many of these early games involved a ball that was thrown at a target while an opposing player defended the target by attempting to hit the ball away. If the batter successfully hit the ball, he could attempt to score points by running between bases while fielders would attempt to catch or retrieve the ball and put the runner out in some way. Since they were folk games, the early games had no official, documented rules, and they tended to change over time. To the extent that there were rules, they were generally simple and were not written down. There were many local variations, and varied names. Many of the early games were not well documented, first, because they were generally peasant games (and perhaps children's games, as well); and second, because they were often discouraged, and sometimes even prohibited, either by the church or by the state, or both. Aside from obvious differences in terminology, the games differed in the equipment used (ball, bat, club, target, etc., which were usually just whatever was available), the way in which the ball is thrown, the method of scoring, the method of making outs, the layout of the field and the number of players involved. An old English game called "''base''", described by George Ewing at Valley Forge, was apparently not much like baseball. There was no bat and no ball involved. The game was more like a fancy game of "tag", although it did share the concept of places of safety (for example, bases) with modern baseball. In an 1801 book entitled ''The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England'', Joseph Strutt claimed to have shown that baseball-like games can be traced back to the 14th century, and that baseball is a descendant of an English game called stoolball. The earliest known reference to stoolball is in a 1330 poem by William Pagula, who recommended to priests that the game be forbidden within churchyards. In stoolball, a batter stood before a target, perhaps an upturned stool, while another player pitched a ball to the batter. If the batter hit the ball (with a bat or his/her hand) and it was caught by a fielder, the batter was out. If the pitched ball hit a stool leg, the batter was out. Traditionally it was played by milkmaids who used their milking stools as a "wicket", according to one belief while waiting for their husbands to return from working in the fields. According to many sources, in 1700, Anglican bishop Thomas Wilson expressed his disapproval of "Morris-dancing, cudgel-playing, baseball and cricket" occurring on Sundays. However, David Block, in ''Baseball Before We Knew It'' (2005), reports that the original source has "stoolball" for "baseball". Block also reports the reference appears to date to 1672, rather than 1700, and that it was the English game of baseball that had arrived in the U.S. as part of "a sweeping tide of cultural migration" during the colonial period.〔David Block, Tim Wiles (2006) ''Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game'' p.156. University of Nebraska Press〕 A 1744 publication in England by children's publisher John Newbery called ''A Little Pretty Pocket-Book'' includes a woodcut of stoolball and a rhyme entitled "Base-ball". This is the first known instance of the word baseball in print. Today the game is popular in United Kingdom among schoolgirls in the form of rounders. In 1755, a book entitled "The Card", authored by John Kidgell, in Volume 1 (there are two volumes to the book) on page 9, mentions baseball: "the younger Part of the Family, perceiving Papa not inclined to enlarge upon the matter, retired to an interrupted Party at Base-Ball (an infant Game, which as it advances in its teens, improved into Fives ...). Kidgell's book contains the earliest surviving use of the term. "Base-ball" had appeared in 1744 in A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, but no copies of the first edition or other early editions have surfaced to date, only the 10th and later editions of Pocket-Book, from 1760 forward. Therefore, "The Card" by Kidgell dating to 1755 is the earliest surviving reference to baseball. David Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907 )〕 The English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified authentic in September 2008.〔 〕 A 1791 bylaw in Pittsfield, Massachusetts bans the playing of "Base ball" within 80 yards of the town meeting house to prevent damage to its windows. By 1796 the rules of this English game were well enough established to earn a mention in the German Johann Gutsmuths' book on popular pastimes. In it he described "''Englische Base-ball''" as a contest between two teams in which "the batter has three attempts to hit the ball while at the home plate"; only one out was required to retire a side.〔Block (2005), pp. 67–75, 181; Gutsmuths quoted: p. 86.〕 The book also predates the rules laid out by the New York Knickerbockers by nearly fifty years. The French book ''Les Jeux des Jeunes Garçons'' is the first known book to contain printed rules of a bat/base/running game. It was printed in Paris in 1810 and lays out the rules for "poison ball", in which there were two teams of eight to ten players, four bases (one called home), a pitcher, a batter, and flyball outs. Another early print reference is Jane Austen's novel ''Northanger Abbey'', originally written 1798-1799. In the first chapter the young English heroine Catherine Morland is described as preferring "cricket, base ball, riding on horseback and running about the country to books."〔Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: ''The Book of General Ignorance''. Faber & Faber, 2006.〕 In 1828, William Clarke of London published the second edition of ''The Boy’s Own Book'', which included rules of rounders, and contains the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base-running game played on a diamond.〔David Block (2006) ''(Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game )'' p. 192. University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved May 6, 2011〕 The following year, the book was published in Boston, Massachusetts.〔(The Boys Own Book by William Clarke ) Maine Historical Society. Retrieved May 7, 2011〕 Similar rules were published in Boston in "The Book of Sports", written by Robin Carver in 1834,〔 except the Boston version called the game "Base" or "Goal ball". The rules were identical to those of poison ball, but also added fair and foul balls and strike-outs. Also, in 1828, an article published in a Hagerstown, Maryland, newspaper briefly describes a young girl who is drawn away from her daily chores to play a familiar game with her friends. In "A Village Sketch", author Miss Mitford wrote: "Then comes a sun-burnt gipsy of six, beginning to grow tall and thin and to find the cares of the world gathering about her; with a pitcher in one hand, a mop in the other, an old straw bonnet of ambiguous shape, half hiding her tangled hair; a tattered stuff petticoat once green, hanging below an equally tattered cotton frock, once purple; her longing eyes fixed on a game of baseball at the corner of the green till she reaches the cottage door, flings down the mop and pitcher and darts off to her companions quite regardless of the storm of scolding with which the mother follows her runaway steps."〔''The Torch Light and Public Advertiser'' (Hagerstown, MD), November 27, 1828.〕 The account by Fred Lillywhite (1829–66) of the first English cricket tour to Canada and the United States in 1859 refers to the "base-ball game () somewhat similar to the English and Irish game of 'rounders.'" A day's play was lost during a cricket match in New York due to snow, but a game of baseball was arranged about a mile away between "the players of that game and a portion of the English party" (''The English Cricketers' Trip to Canada and the United States'', 1860). A unique British sport, known as British Baseball, is still played in parts of Wales and England. Although confined mainly to the cities of Cardiff, Newport and Liverpool, the sport boasts an annual international game between representative teams from the two countries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Origins of baseball」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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